Symbol
Ga
Tl
Group Number
1313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74405537440280
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1875
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
29.78 °C303.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C1,457.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.501.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa120.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.811.90
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
36.00 %8.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ga
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2432
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.811.62
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.422.25
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.821.44
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.011.96
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.761.79
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.192.38
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV3.84 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
3181
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
3181
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
39123
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
3181
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm170.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm145.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm196.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm345.66 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.301.60
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa47.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa43.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa8.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.470.45
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.9111.85
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
302.00 K577.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻