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Hafnium vs Chromium

Hafnium
Chromium
Chromium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Cr  
Group Number
4  
14
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1922  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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