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Hafnium vs Hafnium

Hafnium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Hf  
Group Number
4  
14
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %  
25
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
5
1,520.00 MPa  
5
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
27
3,010.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.30  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
25
1.23  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
37
1.16  
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
27
3.90 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
29
106  
29
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
28
159.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
23
175.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
12
1.58  
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
26
13.31 g/cm3  
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
12
12.00 g/cm3  
12
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
8
445.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
23
30.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
25
78.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
18
13.31  
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
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