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Hafnium vs Magnesium

Hafnium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Mg  
Group Number
4  
14
2  
16
Period Number
6  
3  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7439954  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Joseph Black  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1755  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.06 %  
3
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.07 %  
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
12.00 %  
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
2.90 %  
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.13 %  
2
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.03 %  
5
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
650.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,107.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
260.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.49  
37
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
74.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Mg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
15  
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.31  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.32  
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.37  
30
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.29  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.69  
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
3.66 eV  
40
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
12  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Ne] 3s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
12  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
12  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
173.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
24.31 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
320.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.62  
15
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
17.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
45.00 GPa  
29
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.29  
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
1.74  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
33
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
156.00 W/m·K  
8
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
923.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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