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Magnesium vs Hafnium

Magnesium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Magnesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg  
Hf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439954  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1755  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.06 %  
3
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.07 %  
2
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %  
2
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %  
4
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %  
2
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %  
5
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
650.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.49  
37
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
74.00 %  
9
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mg  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31  
32
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32  
24
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37  
30
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.29  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69  
23
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV  
40
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
12  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
12  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa  
29
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
33
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K  
8
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
923.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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