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Hafnium vs Calcium

Hafnium
Calcium
Calcium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Ca   
Group Number
4   
14
2   
16
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
Not Available   
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
170.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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