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Calcium vs Hafnium

Calcium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Hf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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