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Hafnium vs Lead

Hafnium
Lead
Lead vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Pb  
Group Number
4  
14
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
-  
Discovery
In 1922  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
125  
20
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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