Hafnium Lead Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Pb
Group Number
4
14
14
4
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440586
30
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Unknown
Discovery
In 1922
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
Not Available
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
38.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
106
29
125
19
Number of Electrons
72
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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