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Lead Hafnium Comparison

Lead
Hafnium
Hafnium Lead comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Hf  
Group Number
14  
4
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
106  
30
Number of Electrons
82  
34
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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