Hafnium vs Indium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
In
Group Number
4
14
13
5
Period Number
6
5
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440746
17
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
194.00
5
139.00
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Discovery
In 1922
In 1863
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
3 * 10-8 %
28
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
156.61 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
2,000.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
8.80 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
1,215.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
In
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.78
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.14
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.49
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.76
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.66
18
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.22
38
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
558.30 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,820.70 kJ/mol
18
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,704.00 kJ/mol
39
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,210.00 kJ/mol
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.12 eV
24
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
49
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
49
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
66
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
49
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
167.00 pm
24
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
193.00 pm
31
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
114.82 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
15.70 cm3/mol
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
54.00 (-eV)
25
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
325.23 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
7.31 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
7.02 g/cm3
33
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
2.50 MPa
21
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.01 (Pa)
11
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
Not Available
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
11.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
7.31
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
83.70 nΩ·m
34
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.12 106/cm Ω
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
26.74 J/mol·K
25
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
81.80 W/m·K
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)
9
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
226.40 kJ/mol
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
3.28 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
242.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
57.80 J/mol.K
22
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