Symbol
Hf
  
In
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
I4/mmm
  
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
  
Mining, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
  
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
  
Discovery
In 1922
  
In 1863
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
  
10
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
  
5
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
  
27
1,215.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Hf
  
In
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
  
40
558.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,820.70 kJ/mol
  
18
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,704.00 kJ/mol
  
39
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5,210.00 kJ/mol
  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Tetragonal (TETR)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
  
38
15.70 cm3/mol
  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
  
16
54.00 (-eV)
  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm
3
  
26
7.31 g/cm
3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
  
12
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 10
6/cm Ω
  
39
0.12 10
6/cm Ω
  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
  
40
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
  
37
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
  
36
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
  
99+
81.80 W/m·K
  
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)
  
9
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
  
5
226.40 kJ/mol
  
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
  
8
3.28 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
  
5
242.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
  
34
57.80 J/mol.K
  
22