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Indium vs Hafnium

Indium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Indium


Periodic Table
Symbol
In  
Hf  
Group Number
13  
5
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440746  
17
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
139.00  
11
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1863  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
156.61 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
0.01 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
3.41  
1
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
In  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78  
17
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14  
9
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49  
14
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76  
18
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.66  
21
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22  
38
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol  
19
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol  
40
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol  
26
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
55,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,581.00 kJ/mol  
24
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV  
31
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
49  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
49  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
66  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
49  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm  
26
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm  
38
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cadmium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Tin
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)  
26
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)  
11
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
46.90 GPa  
27
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
34
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m  
34
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω  
20
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K  
32
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K  
21
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
429.75 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)  
9
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K  
27
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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