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Lead vs Rutherfordium

Lead
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Rf  
Group Number
14  
4
4  
14
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
-  
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
157  
8
Number of Electrons
82  
34
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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