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Hafnium vs Rubidium

Hafnium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Rb   
Group Number
4   
14
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
Not Available   
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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