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Hafnium vs Thorium

Hafnium
Thorium
Thorium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Th   
Group Number
4   
14
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
142   
15
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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