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Hafnium vs Thorium

Hafnium
Thorium
Thorium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Th  
Group Number
4  
14
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
142  
16
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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