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Thorium vs Rutherfordium

Thorium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Rf  
Group Number
0  
18
4  
14
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
-  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
157  
8
Number of Electrons
90  
28
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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