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Rutherfordium vs Thorium

Rutherfordium
Thorium
Thorium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Th  
Group Number
4  
14
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
142  
16
Number of Electrons
104  
14
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
-  
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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