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Rutherfordium vs Thorium

Rutherfordium
Thorium
Thorium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf   
Th   
Group Number
4   
14
0   
18
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
53850365   
13
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1964   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C   
11
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C   
3
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silver   
Luster
Unknown Luster   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rf   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
Not Available   
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
104   
14
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104   
14
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
157   
7
142   
15
Number of Electrons
104   
14
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm   
33
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm   
31
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu   
11
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3   
8
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Unknown   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
Not Available   
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Unknown   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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