Symbol
In
  
Tm
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
5
  
6
  
Block
p block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Lanthanide
  
Space Group Name
I4/mmm
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
  
Per Teodor Cleve
  
Discovery
In 1863
  
In 1879
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
~0.00000002 %
  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Unknown
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
  
23
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C
  
99+
1,730.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery Gray
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s
  
99+
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
In
  
Tm
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol
  
18
1,160.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol
  
39
2,285.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol
  
17
4,120.00 kJ/mol
  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr
  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
  
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
  
99+
168.93 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol
  
33
18.10 cm3/mol
  
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)
  
25
49.70 (-eV)
  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω
  
17
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
0.16 J/(kg K)
  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
27.03 J/mol·K
  
22
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K
  
21
16.90 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)
  
9
13.30 µm/(m·K)
  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol
  
40
191.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol
  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol
  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K
  
22
74.00 J/mol.K
  
9