Symbol
In
Ga
Group Number
1313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
54
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74407467440553
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
I4/mmm
Cmca
Space Group Number
139.0064.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1863
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
156.61 °C29.78 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C2,403.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.201.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
0.01 MPa111.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
3.411.81
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
83.00 %36.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
In
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3524
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.781.81
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.142.42
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.491.82
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.762.01
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.661.76
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.222.19
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
55,800.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,580.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
5,581.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
558.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV4.20 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
4931
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4931
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
6639
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4931
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm135.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm122.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm187.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm451.97 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.561.30
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa41.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa7.20 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
46.90 GPa37.30 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa9.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.440.47
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.315.91
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
429.75 K302.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻