1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74407467440031
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Charles Hatchett
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
156.61 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
167.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
114.82 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
325.23 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa330.00 MPa
2.5
11000
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1