Indium vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
In
Nb
Group Number
13
5
5
13
Period Number
5
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440746
17
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
139.00
8
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1863
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %
28
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa
99+
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s
99+
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78
16
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14
8
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49
13
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76
10
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.66
18
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22
38
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol
18
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol
39
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol
17
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV
24
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
49
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
66
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
49
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm
24
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm
31
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol
33
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)
25
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm
99+
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3
33
Not Available
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa
21
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)
11
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa
99+
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.31
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m
34
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω
17
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
25
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K
21
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)
9
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol
40
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol
99+
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol
99+
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K
22
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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