1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74399107440508
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals
2.4 History
2.4.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Unknown
2.4.2 Discovery
In 1838
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
2.5 Abundance
2.5.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %6 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.00007 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.6 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.3.2 In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
920.00 °C1,084.62 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C2,562.00 °C
147
5660
5.5 Appearance
5.5.1 Physical State
5.5.2 Color
5.5.3 Luster
5.6 Hardness
5.6.1 Mohs Hardness
5.8.1 Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.9.1 Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa343.00 MPa
121
3430
5.12 Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Refractive Index
6.3.1 Reflectivity
6.6 Allotropes
6.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.4.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.5.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.1.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.2.3 Allen Electronegativity
8.3 Electropositivity
8.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.4 Ionization Energies
8.4.1 1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.4.3 2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.4.4 3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.1.1 4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.2.1 5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol7,700.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.3.1 6th Energy Level
NA9,900.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.3.2 7th Energy level
NA13,400.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.3.3 8th Energy Level
NA16,000.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.4.1 9th Energy Level
NA19,200.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.4.2 10th Energy Level
NA22,400.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.5.1 11th Energy Level
NA25,600.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.6.2 12th Energy Level
NA35,600.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.6.3 13th Energy Level
NA38,700.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.6.5 14th Energy Level
NA42,000.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.6.6 15th Energy Level
NA46,700.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.6.8 16th Energy Level
NA50,200.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.7.1 17th Energy Level
NA53,700.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.7.2 18th Energy Level
NA61,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.7.3 19th Energy Level
NA64,702.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.7.4 20th Energy Level
NA163,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.7.5 21st Energy Level
NA174,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.7.6 22nd Energy Level
NA184,900.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.7.7 23rd Energy Level
NA198,800.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
9.7.8 24th Energy Level
9.7.9 25th Energy Level
9.7.10 26th Energy Level
9.7.11 27th Energy Level
9.7.12 28th Energy Level
9.7.13 29th Energy Level
9.7.14 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
187.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
207.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm140.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
138.91 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
377.20 pm361.49 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa140.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa120.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
NA1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
12.1.4 Susceptibility
NA-9.63 * 10-6
-0.000166
200000
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1