Copper

Thulium

Copper vs Thulium

Copper

Thulium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

11NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74405087440304

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.

Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.

Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Per Teodor Cleve

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle East (9000 BCE)

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-6 %1 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.4 Abundance In Sun

~0.00007 %~0.00000002 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites

0.01 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.10 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

1.2.1 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

1.2.4 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

2 Uses

2.1 Uses & Benefits

It is use for coinage and bullion.
Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.

Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.

2.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry

2.1.2 Medical Uses

2.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

2.2 Biological Properties

2.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Unknown

2.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

2.2.3 In Blood

1.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.1.1 In Bone

26.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,084.62 °C1,545.00 °C

27 3410

4.7 Boiling Point

2,562.00 °C1,730.00 °C

147 5660

4.8 Appearance

4.8.1 Physical State

Solid

4.8.3 Color

Copper

Silvery Gray

4.8.4 Luster

Metallic

4.9 Hardness

4.9.1 Mohs Hardness

3.00NA

0.2 8.5

5.5.2 Brinell Hardness

235.00 MPa471.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.5.6 Vickers Hardness

343.00 MPa520.00 MPa

121 3430

5.7 Speed of Sound

3,810.00 m/sNA

818 16200

5.9 Optical Properties

5.9.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

5.9.3 Reflectivity

90.00 %NA

58 97

5.12 Allotropes

✔ ✘

5.12.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

5.12.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

5.12.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

6 Chemical

6.1 Chemical Formula

6.2 Isotopes

6.2.1 Known Isotopes

2932

0 38

6.6 Electronegativity

6.6.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.901.25

0.7 2.54

7.1.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.98NA

0.22 2.56

8.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.751.11

0.86 1.82

8.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.49NA

0.62 2.48

8.4.4 Allen Electronegativity

1.85NA

0.659 2.7

9.2 Electropositivity

9.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.102.75

1.46 3.3

9.3 Ionization Energies

9.3.1 1st Energy Level

745.50 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.4.1 2nd Energy Level

1,957.90 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.5.1 3rd Energy Level

3,555.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

10.3.2 4th Energy Level

5,536.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

10.3.6 5th Energy Level

7,700.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

10.4.3 6th Energy Level

9,900.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

10.4.6 7th Energy level

13,400.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

10.4.8 8th Energy Level

16,000.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

11.1.1 9th Energy Level

19,200.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

11.2.1 10th Energy Level

22,400.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

11.4.1 11th Energy Level

25,600.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

11.5.1 12th Energy Level

35,600.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

11.6.2 13th Energy Level

38,700.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

11.7.2 14th Energy Level

42,000.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

12.2.2 15th Energy Level

46,700.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

12.2.4 16th Energy Level

50,200.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

12.2.6 17th Energy Level

53,700.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

12.3.2 18th Energy Level

61,100.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

12.4.1 19th Energy Level

64,702.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

12.4.3 20th Energy Level

163,700.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

12.4.4 21st Energy Level

174,100.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

12.4.5 22nd Energy Level

184,900.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

12.4.7 23rd Energy Level

198,800.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

12.4.8 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

12.4.10 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

12.4.11 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

12.4.12 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

12.4.14 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

12.4.15 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

12.4.16 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

12.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.19 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

12.8 Electron Work Function

4.65 eVNA

2.14 5.65

12.9 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

13 Atomic

13.1 Atomic Number

2969

3 117

13.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²

13.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

13.3.1 Crystal Lattice

13.4 Atom

13.4.1 Number of Protons

2969

3 117

13.4.3 Number of Neutrons

35100

4 184

13.4.4 Number of Electrons

2969

3 117

13.5 Radius of an Atom

13.5.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm176.00 pm

112 265

13.5.3 Covalent Radius

132.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

13.5.4 Van der Waals Radius

140.00 pmNA

139 348

13.6 Atomic Weight

63.55 amu168.93 amu

6.94 294

13.7 Atomic Volume

7.10 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

13.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

13.8.1 Previous Element

13.8.2 Next Element

13.9 Valence Electron Potential

34.00 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)

8 392.42

13.10 Lattice Constant

361.49 pm353.75 pm

228.58 891.25

13.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

13.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.57

1.567 1.886

14 Mechanical

14.1 Density

14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.96 g/cm³9.32 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

14.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

8.02 g/cm38.56 g/cm3

0.512 20

14.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

14.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

14.4 Vapor Pressure

14.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.53 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

14.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

14.5 Elasticity properties

14.5.1 Shear Modulus

48.00 GPa30.50 GPa

1.3 222

14.5.4 Bulk Modulus

140.00 GPa44.50 GPa

1.6 462

14.5.8 Young's Modulus

120.00 GPa74.00 GPa

1.7 528

1.5 Poisson Ratio

0.340.21

0.032 0.47

1.6 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

2 Magnetic

2.1 Magnetic Characteristics

2.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.899.32

0.53 4500

2.1.3 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

2.1.4 Permeability

1.256629 * 10^-6 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

2.1.7 Susceptibility

-9.63 * 10^-6NA

-0.000166 200000

2.2 Electrical Properties

2.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

2.2.2 Resistivity

16.78 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

2.2.5 Electrical Conductivity

0.60 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

2.3.1 Electron Affinity

222.80 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

3 Thermal

3.1 Specific Heat

0.38 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

3.3 Molar Heat Capacity

24.44 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

4.2 Thermal Conductivity

401.00 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

4.3 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

4.7 Thermal Expansion

16.50 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

4.8 Enthalpy

4.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

283.70 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

4.8.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

7.11 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

4.8.5 Enthalpy of Atomization

338.90 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

4.9 Standard Molar Entropy

33.20 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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