1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405087440473
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In Between 1797 - 1798
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %1.5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %~0.002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,084.62 °C1,857.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C2,672.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa1,060.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol157,700.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol166,090.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
132.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
63.55 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
361.49 pm291.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA774.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa160.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa279.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6NA
-0.000166
200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1