Symbol
Cu
Cr
Group Number
116
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
44
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74405087440473
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
-
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In Between 1797 - 1798
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %0.30 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C1,857.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C2,672.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silver
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.008.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa1,060.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.102.97
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
90.00 %70.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cu
Cr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2921
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.901.66
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.981.66
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.751.56
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.491.66
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.851.65
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.102.34
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol157,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol166,090.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol652.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV4.50 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2924
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2924
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3528
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2924
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm128.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm139.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm291.00 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.281.86
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa689.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)774.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa160.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa279.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.21
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.897.19
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
-
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K1,907.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻