1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74399217440031
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1801
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.12 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.14 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.0.07 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
327.50 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.7 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.4 Electronegativity
5.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.1.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
6.5 Electropositivity
6.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.6 Ionization Energies
6.6.1 1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.6.3 3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.7.2 4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.7.4 5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.7.5 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
6.7.7 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
6.7.8 8th Energy Level
6.8.1 9th Energy Level
6.8.2 10th Energy Level
6.8.3 11th Energy Level
6.9.1 12th Energy Level
6.9.2 13th Energy Level
6.11.1 14th Energy Level
6.11.2 15th Energy Level
6.11.3 16th Energy Level
6.12.1 17th Energy Level
6.12.2 18th Energy Level
6.14.1 19th Energy Level
6.14.2 20th Energy Level
7.1.2 21st Energy Level
7.1.3 22nd Energy Level
7.1.4 23rd Energy Level
7.1.6 24th Energy Level
7.1.7 25th Energy Level
7.2.1 26th Energy Level
7.3.1 27th Energy Level
7.4.2 28th Energy Level
7.4.3 29th Energy Level
7.4.5 30th Energy Level
7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
7.7 Electron Work Function
7.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
8.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
8.3.1 Crystal Lattice
8.4 Atom
8.4.1 Number of Protons
8.6.1 Number of Neutrons
9.1.4 Number of Electrons
9.3 Radius of an Atom
9.3.1 Atomic Radius
175.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
9.3.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
9.3.4 Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
9.4 Atomic Weight
207.20 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
9.5 Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.2.1 Previous Element
10.2.2 Next Element
10.3 Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.5 Lattice Constant
495.08 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
10.7 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.8 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.4 Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa330.00 MPa
2.5
11000
11.5 Viscosity
11.6 Vapor Pressure
11.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.6.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.7 Elasticity properties
11.7.1 Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa38.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.8.1 Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.8.2 Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.9 Poisson Ratio
11.10 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1