1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74399437440702
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
- Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach
Humphry Davy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %7 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.007 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.5.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.5.6 Abundance In Oceans
2.5.8 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
NA170,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,652.00 °C839.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C1,484.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.7 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.4 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.11 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.6 Ionization Energies
5.6.1 1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.7.1 3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.7.2 4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.1.1 5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol8,153.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.4.2 6th Energy Level
NA10,496.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
6.4.3 7th Energy level
NA12,270.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
6.4.5 8th Energy Level
NA14,206.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
6.4.6 9th Energy Level
NA18,191.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
6.4.8 10th Energy Level
NA20,385.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
6.5.2 11th Energy Level
NA57,110.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
6.5.4 12th Energy Level
NA63,410.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
1.3.1 13th Energy Level
NA70,110.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
1.5.1 14th Energy Level
NA78,890.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
1.7.1 15th Energy Level
NA86,310.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
1.11.1 16th Energy Level
NA94,000.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
2.1.2 17th Energy Level
NA104,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
3.4.2 18th Energy Level
NA111,711.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
3.6.1 19th Energy Level
3.7.3 20th Energy Level
3.7.6 21st Energy Level
3.8.2 22nd Energy Level
3.8.4 23rd Energy Level
3.8.7 24th Energy Level
3.8.8 25th Energy Level
4.2.5 26th Energy Level
4.2.6 27th Energy Level
4.3.1 28th Energy Level
5.1.1 29th Energy Level
6.1.2 30th Energy Level
6.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
6.4 Electron Work Function
6.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
7.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1
[Ar] 4s2
7.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
7.4.1 Crystal Lattice
7.5 Atom
7.5.1 Number of Protons
7.5.4 Number of Neutrons
7.6.1 Number of Electrons
8.3 Radius of an Atom
8.3.1 Atomic Radius
174.00 pm197.00 pm
112
265
8.3.3 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm176.00 pm
96
260
9.2.2 Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm231.00 pm
139
348
9.5 Atomic Weight
174.97 amu40.08 amu
6.94
294
9.7 Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.9.1 Previous Element
9.9.2 Next Element
9.10 Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.12 Lattice Constant
350.31 pm558.84 pm
228.58
891.25
9.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm31.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
10.4 Tensile Strength
10.6 Viscosity
10.7 Vapor Pressure
10.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)25.50 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
10.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
10.8 Elasticity properties
10.8.1 Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa7.40 GPa
1.3
222
10.8.3 Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa17.00 GPa
1.6
462
10.8.5 Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa20.00 GPa
1.7
528
10.9 Poisson Ratio
10.10 Other Mechanical Properties
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
11.1.4 Permeability
11.1.6 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
0.18
961
11.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.30 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.2.6 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
0
222.8
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.4 Critical Temperature
12.5 Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.6.6 Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.7.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.9 Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1