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Nickel vs Cadmium

Nickel
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Cd  
Group Number
10  
8
12  
6
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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