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Cadmium vs Nickel

Cadmium
Nickel
Nickel vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Ni   
Group Number
12   
6
10   
8
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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