1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400207440473
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1751
In Between 1797 - 1798
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %1.5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %~0.002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,453.00 °C1,857.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C2,672.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa1,060.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol157,700.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol166,090.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
124.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
124.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
58.69 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
352.40 pm291.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa689.00 MPa
2.5
11000
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)774.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa160.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa279.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
0.00 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
600.00NA
-0.000166
200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1