Symbol
Ni
Pb
Group Number
1014
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74400207439921
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
-
Discovery
In 1751
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C327.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C1,740.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.001.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.682.02
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
72.00 %5.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ni
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2535
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.911.87
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.942.29
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.751.55
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.912.41
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.881.85
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.091.67
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV4.25 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
2882
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2882
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
31125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2882
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm175.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm146.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm202.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm495.08 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.861.51
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa12.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.64 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa16.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.310.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.9011.35
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
600.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K600.61 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻