Niobium Americium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Am
Group Number
5
13
Not Available
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440359
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
- Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso
Discovery
In 1801
In 1944
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
- In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
994.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
2,607.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Am
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
578.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,158.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,132.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,493.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
3.02 g/amp-hr
17
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
95
23
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Rn] 5f7 7s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
95
23
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
148
12
Number of Electrons
41
99+
95
23
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
173.00 pm
21
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
180.00 pm
21
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
244.00 pm
10
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
243.00 amu
20
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
17.86 cm3/mol
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
44.00 (-eV)
40
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
346.81 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
30
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
13
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
Not Available
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
13.67
15
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
0.69 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.11 J/(kg K)
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
62.70 J/mol·K
1
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
10.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
14.39 kJ/mol
24
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
268.00 kJ/mol
40
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
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