1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74400317440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,468.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
146.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
164.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
92.91 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
330.04 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1