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Plutonium vs Thallium

Plutonium
Thallium
Thallium vs Plutonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pu   
Tl   
Group Number
0   
18
13   
5
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440075   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P121/m1   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
11.00   
13
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
639.50 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C   
24
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s   
99+
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pu   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.28   
33
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.72   
21
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr   
22
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
94   
24
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
94   
24
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
123   
20
Number of Electrons
94   
24
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm   
20
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
244.00 amu   
19
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol   
99+
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neptunium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Americium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)   
21
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
618.30 pm   
4
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3   
13
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3   
8
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
26
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)   
12
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa   
18
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
96.00 GPa   
21
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.84   
7
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·m   
99+
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K   
3
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)   
6
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol   
25
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol   
99+
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol   
26
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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