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Thallium vs Plutonium

Thallium
Plutonium
Plutonium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Pu   
Group Number
13   
5
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440075   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P121/m1   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
11.00   
13
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan   
Discovery
In 1861   
In Between 1940 1941   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
639.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
3,235.00 °C   
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
2,260.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Pu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.28   
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.22   
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.72   
21
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
584.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,084.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,338.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
2.28 g/amp-hr   
22
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
94   
24
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Rn] 5f6 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
94   
24
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
150   
11
Number of Electrons
81   
35
94   
24
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
187.00 pm   
20
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
244.00 amu   
19
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
12.32 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Neptunium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Americium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
64.90 (-eV)   
21
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
618.30 pm   
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
19.82 g/cm3   
13
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
16.63 g/cm3   
8
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
2.20 (Pa)   
12
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
43.00 GPa   
18
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
96.00 GPa   
21
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
19.84   
7
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
1.46 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
35.50 J/mol·K   
3
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
6.74 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
46.70 µm/(m·K)   
6
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
344.00 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
2.82 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
360.00 kJ/mol   
26
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
Not Available   
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