1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.8 CAS Number
74400867440520
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Carl Gustaf Mosander
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.12 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Mildly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.4 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C1,522.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C2,510.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.3 Brinell Hardness
4.4.5 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.11 Allen Electronegativity
5.5 Electropositivity
5.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.7 Ionization Energies
5.7.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.8.1 2nd Energy Level
NA1,150.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.8.2 3rd Energy Level
NA2,194.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.8.3 4th Energy Level
NA4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.8.4 5th Energy Level
5.8.5 6th Energy Level
5.8.6 7th Energy level
5.8.7 8th Energy Level
5.8.8 9th Energy Level
5.8.9 10th Energy Level
5.8.10 11th Energy Level
5.8.11 12th Energy Level
5.8.12 13th Energy Level
5.8.13 14th Energy Level
5.8.14 15th Energy Level
5.8.15 16th Energy Level
5.8.16 17th Energy Level
5.8.17 18th Energy Level
5.8.18 19th Energy Level
5.8.19 20th Energy Level
5.8.20 21st Energy Level
5.8.21 22nd Energy Level
5.8.22 23rd Energy Level
5.8.23 24th Energy Level
5.8.24 25th Energy Level
5.8.25 26th Energy Level
5.8.26 27th Energy Level
5.8.27 28th Energy Level
5.8.28 29th Energy Level
5.8.29 30th Energy Level
5.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.10 Electron Work Function
5.11 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm189.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
6.6 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu167.26 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
6.10 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm355.88 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm38.86 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA73.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1