1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440031
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Charles Hatchett
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.07 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
NA1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
NA2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
1.5 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
1.6 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
1.7 Lattice C/A Ratio
2 Mechanical
2.1 Density
2.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
2.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.2 Tensile Strength
2.3 Viscosity
2.4 Vapor Pressure
2.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
2.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.5 Elasticity properties
2.5.1 Shear Modulus
2.5.2 Bulk Modulus
2.5.3 Young's Modulus
2.6 Poisson Ratio
2.7 Other Mechanical Properties
3 Magnetic
3.1 Magnetic Characteristics
3.1.1 Specific Gravity
3.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
3.1.3 Permeability
3.1.4 Susceptibility
3.2 Electrical Properties
3.2.1 Electrical Property
3.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
3.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
3.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
4 Thermal
4.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
4.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
4.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
4.4 Critical Temperature
4.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
4.6 Enthalpy
4.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
4.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
4.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
4.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1