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Polonium vs Nobelium

Polonium
Nobelium
Nobelium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
No  
Group Number
16  
2
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
10028145  
16
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
-  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • The most stable isotope of Nobelium metal is No-259.
  • No-259 has a half-life of fifty-eight minutes.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Curium-246 or Curium-249 with Carbon-12 Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1966  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
-  
Abundance In Sun
-  
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Currently known uses of Nobelium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
827.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
-  
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
No  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
642.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,254.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,643.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,956.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
35
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,420.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
3,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
917.00 kJ/mol  
34
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
627.00 kJ/mol  
36
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
6,410.00 kJ/mol  
12
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
627.00 kJ/mol  
39
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
601.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
641.00 kJ/mol  
37
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
641.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
4.83 g/amp-hr  
4
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
102  
16
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Nobelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
102  
16
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
157  
8
Number of Electrons
84  
32
102  
16
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
259.00 amu  
13
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Mendelevium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Lawrencium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
26.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.76  
5
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
28
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
8.70 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
12.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
9.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
3
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
0.68 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.10 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,100.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
390.40 kJ/mol  
30
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
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