Symbol
Pr
In
Group Number
313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
65
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74401007440746
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
194.00139.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
-
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Discovery
In 1885
In 1863
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
-
This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Medical Uses
-
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
935.00 °C156.61 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C2,000.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.001.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa8.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa0.01 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s1,215.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.643.41
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
60.00 %83.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Pr
In
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3135
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.131.78
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.132.14
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.071.49
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.131.76
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.131.66
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.872.22
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol1,820.70 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol2,704.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol5,210.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol55,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol5,581.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr1.43 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV4.12 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Number
5949
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
5949
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
8266
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
5949
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm167.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm142.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm193.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu114.82 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol15.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)54.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm325.23 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.611.56
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm37.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm37.02 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa2.50 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.01 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa18.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa46.90 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa11.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.280.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.777.31
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m83.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.12 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K81.80 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K429.75 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)32.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol226.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol3.28 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol242.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K57.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻