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Promethium
Promethium

Cerium
Cerium



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Promethium vs Cerium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pm
Ce
1.2 Group Number
NANA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401227440451
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Not Available
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
NA194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1942
In 1803
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NA1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000004 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NA0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NA0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA2.70 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,042.00 °C795.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C3,257.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Unknown
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA2.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NA186.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA210.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA2,100.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pm
Ce
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2730
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
NA1.12
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.071.08
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
NA2.88
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,325.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
NA2.84 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6158
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6158
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
8482
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6158
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
183.00 pm181.80 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
199.00 pm204.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm235.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
145.00 amu140.12 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
NA362.00 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
Unknown
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA6.55 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA1.04 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa13.50 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa21.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa33.60 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.280.24
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
7.266.77
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA26.94 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA414.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA72.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1