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Ruthenium vs Einsteinium

Ruthenium
Einsteinium
Einsteinium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Es  
Group Number
8  
10
13  
5
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7429927  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Einsteinium is the transuranic element found in US.
  • Only 0.01 mg of Einsteinium was synthesized in 1961.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Einsteinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
860.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
996.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
240.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,850.00 m/s  
40
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Es  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.54  
27
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,334.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,734.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
40
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
12
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
39
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
28
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
40
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
30
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
15
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
619.00 kJ/mol  
38
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
15
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
619.40 kJ/mol  
40
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
619.40 kJ/mol  
40
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.74 g/amp-hr  
5
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
99  
19
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 5f11 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Einsteinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
99  
19
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
153  
10
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
99  
19
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
252.00 amu  
16
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
17.04 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Californium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Fermium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
582.00 pm  
8
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.29  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
8.84 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
8.84 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
8.84  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
6.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.14 106/cm Ω  
15
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,133.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.50 µm/(m·K)  
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
323.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
14.80 kJ/mol  
24
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
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