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Rutherfordium vs Nickel

Rutherfordium
Nickel
Nickel vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Ni  
Group Number
4  
14
10  
8
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
104  
14
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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