Symbol
Ni
  
Rf
  
Period Number
4
  
7
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
Not Available
  
Space Group Number
Not Available
  
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
- Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
- Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
  
Discovery
In 1751
  
In 1964
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
- Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Research Purposes
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Unknown
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C
  
31
2,100.00 °C
  
11
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C
  
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Unknown
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Unknown Luster
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s
  
12
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ni
  
Rf
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol
  
25
579.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol
  
25
1,389.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol
  
17
2,296.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol
  
15
3,077.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Not Available
  
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Not Available
  
Lattice Constant
Not Available
  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
NA
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Unknown
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
Not Available
  
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
  
Unknown
  
Permeability
Not Available
  
Susceptibility
Not Available
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Unknown
  
Resistivity
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 10
6/cm Ω
  
13
Not Available
  
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)
  
13
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K
  
31
Not Available
  
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K
  
18
Not Available
  
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
  
28
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol
  
20
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol
  
17
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
Not Available