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Rutherfordium vs Cobalt

Rutherfordium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Co  
Group Number
4  
14
9  
9
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
104  
14
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
-  
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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