1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.1 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.3 CAS Number
74401997440484
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Georg Brandt
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
3.7.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.9.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.9.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.3 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.5 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,072.00 °C1,495.00 °C
27
3410
1.3 Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C2,870.00 °C
147
5660
2.4 Appearance
2.4.1 Physical State
2.4.2 Color
2.4.3 Luster
2.5 Hardness
2.5.1 Mohs Hardness
4.1.1 Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa470.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.2 Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa
121
3430
5.5 Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s
818
16200
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Refractive Index
6.2.3 Reflectivity
6.3 Allotropes
6.3.1 α Allotropes
6.3.2 β Allotropes
6.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.5 Electronegativity
7.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.8.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.2.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.2 Allen Electronegativity
10.2 Electropositivity
10.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.4 Ionization Energies
10.4.1 1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.6.4 3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.2.2 4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.3.3 5th Energy Level
NA7,670.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
11.4.3 6th Energy Level
NA9,840.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
11.5.3 7th Energy level
NA12,440.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
11.5.7 8th Energy Level
NA15,230.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
11.6.1 9th Energy Level
NA17,959.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
11.6.4 10th Energy Level
NA26,570.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
11.7.4 11th Energy Level
NA29,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
12.3.2 12th Energy Level
NA32,400.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
12.3.5 13th Energy Level
NA36,600.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
12.4.4 14th Energy Level
NA39,700.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
12.4.8 15th Energy Level
NA42,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
12.4.10 16th Energy Level
NA49,396.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
12.4.13 17th Energy Level
NA52,737.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
12.4.17 18th Energy Level
NA134,810.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
12.4.19 19th Energy Level
NA145,170.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
12.4.23 20th Energy Level
NA154,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
12.4.24 21st Energy Level
NA167,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
12.4.26 22nd Energy Level
NA178,100.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
12.5.3 23rd Energy Level
NA189,300.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
12.5.4 24th Energy Level
12.6.4 25th Energy Level
12.6.5 26th Energy Level
12.6.8 27th Energy Level
12.6.11 28th Energy Level
12.6.14 29th Energy Level
12.6.15 30th Energy Level
12.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.8 Electron Work Function
12.9 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
13.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.4.9 Number of Neutrons
13.4.15 Number of Electrons
13.5 Radius of an Atom
13.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm147.00 pm
112
265
13.5.4 Covalent Radius
198.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
13.5.9 Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
13.6 Atomic Weight
150.36 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
13.8 Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.2.1 Previous Element
14.2.2 Next Element
14.3 Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.8 Lattice Constant
362.10 pm295.08 pm
228.58
891.25
14.10 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.11 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm34.11 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.6 Tensile Strength
16.7 Viscosity
16.8 Vapor Pressure
16.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.9.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
16.11 Elasticity properties
16.11.1 Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
16.14.2 Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
16.17.1 Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa116.00 GPa
1.7
528
17.4 Poisson Ratio
17.5 Other Mechanical Properties
18 Magnetic
18.1 Magnetic Characteristics
18.1.1 Specific Gravity
18.3.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
18.3.2 Permeability
19.2.1 Susceptibility
19.6 Electrical Properties
19.6.1 Electrical Property
19.6.2 Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
20.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
20.6.2 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
21 Thermal
21.1 Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
21.4 Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
21.5 Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
22.3 Critical Temperature
22.4 Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
22.6 Enthalpy
22.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
22.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
23.1.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
24.2 Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1