1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.3 Group Number
1.6 Period Number
1.12 Block
1.13 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.14 CAS Number
74404847440304
7429905
54386242
1.28 Space Group Name
1.29 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
5.1.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
5.5.2 Abundance In Meteorites
6.3.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.3.6 Abundance In Oceans
6.3.11 Abundance In Humans
8 Uses
8.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
8.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
8.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
8.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
8.2 Biological Properties
8.2.1 Toxicity
8.2.2 Present in Human Body
8.2.3 In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
8.4.2 In Bone
9 Physical
9.1 Melting Point
1,495.00 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
10.2 Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
10.5 Appearance
10.5.1 Physical State
10.5.2 Color
10.5.3 Luster
10.6 Hardness
10.6.1 Mohs Hardness
10.7.1 Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
10.9.2 Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
11.4 Speed of Sound
11.5 Optical Properties
11.5.1 Refractive Index
11.6.2 Reflectivity
11.8 Allotropes
11.8.1 α Allotropes
11.8.2 β Allotropes
11.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.2 Isotopes
12.2.1 Known Isotopes
13.2 Electronegativity
13.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
14.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
14.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
14.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
14.6.3 Allen Electronegativity
14.8 Electropositivity
14.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
14.10 Ionization Energies
14.10.1 1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
14.10.4 2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
14.11.3 3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
15.1.3 4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
15.2.3 5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
15.2.7 6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
15.2.9 7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
15.3.4 8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
15.3.6 9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
15.4.3 10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
15.5.6 11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
15.5.11 12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
16.1.4 13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
16.2.3 14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
16.3.2 15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
16.4.2 16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
16.6.2 17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
16.8.2 18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
16.9.1 19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
16.11.1 20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
16.12.2 21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
16.12.4 22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
16.13.1 23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
16.13.2 24th Energy Level
16.13.4 25th Energy Level
16.13.5 26th Energy Level
16.13.7 27th Energy Level
16.13.9 28th Energy Level
16.13.10 29th Energy Level
16.13.12 30th Energy Level
16.14 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
16.15 Electron Work Function
16.16 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
17 Atomic
17.1 Atomic Number
17.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
17.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
17.3.1 Crystal Lattice
17.4 Atom
17.4.1 Number of Protons
17.4.4 Number of Neutrons
17.4.7 Number of Electrons
17.5 Radius of an Atom
17.5.1 Atomic Radius
147.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
17.5.3 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
17.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
17.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
17.8 Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
18.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
18.2.1 Previous Element
18.2.2 Next Element
18.3 Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
18.7 Lattice Constant
295.08 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
18.8 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
18.9 Lattice C/A Ratio
19 Mechanical
19.1 Density
19.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
19.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
19.3 Tensile Strength
19.5 Viscosity
19.6 Vapor Pressure
19.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.8 Elasticity properties
19.8.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
19.10.1 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
20.1.2 Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
20.2 Poisson Ratio
20.4 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
21 Magnetic
21.1 Magnetic Characteristics
21.1.1 Specific Gravity
21.3.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
21.3.3 Permeability
21.3.5 Susceptibility
21.5 Electrical Properties
21.5.1 Electrical Property
21.5.2 Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
21.5.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
21.5.6 Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
23 Thermal
23.1 Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
23.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
1.2 Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
1.5 Critical Temperature
1.8 Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
1.9 Enthalpy
1.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
1.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
1.7.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.4 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1