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Scandium
Scandium

Cadmium
Cadmium



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Scandium
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Scandium vs Cadmium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Sc
Cd
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine
3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
12
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Gadolinium
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1.3 Period Number
Uranium
4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Lithium
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1.4 Block
d block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
Roentgenium
7440202
Rank: 59 (Overall)
7440439
Rank: 42 (Overall)
Aluminium
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1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
Sodium
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium
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2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1879
In 1817
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron
3 * 10-6 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
2 * 10-7 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Thallium
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2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
Iron
~0.000004 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
~0.0000006 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Beryllium
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2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron
0.00 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Gold
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2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium
0.00 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Radium
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2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium
0.00 %
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Protactinium
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2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
Calcium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Radium
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3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
3.2.3 In Blood
Sodium
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Plutonium
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3.2.4 In Bone
Calcium
0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 34 (Overall)
1.80 p.p.m.
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Plutonium
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4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
Tungsten
1,539.00 °C
Rank: 24 (Overall)
320.90 °C
Rank: 68 (Overall)
Francium
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4.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten
2,832.00 °C
Rank: 35 (Overall)
765.00 °C
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Flerovium
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4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
4.3.3 Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
2.00
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Cesium
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4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
Osmium
750.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
203.00 MPa
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Cesium
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4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium
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4.5 Speed of Sound
Technetium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
2,310.00 m/s
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Thallium
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4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
Palladium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
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4.6.2 Reflectivity
Silver
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
67.00 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Molybdenum
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4.7 Allotropes
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Sc
Cd
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium
13
Rank: 26 (Overall)
34
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Tennessine
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5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold
1.36
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1.69
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Francium
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5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt
1.02
Rank: 21 (Overall)
1.98
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium
1.20
Rank: 27 (Overall)
1.46
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.53
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium
1.19
Rank: 36 (Overall)
1.52
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium
2.64
Rank: 25 (Overall)
2.31
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Gold
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5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium
633.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
867.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
Chromium
1,235.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
1,631.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Ruthenium
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5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
Chromium
2,388.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
3,616.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Osmium
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5.5.4 4th Energy Level
Chromium
7,090.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thorium
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5.5.5 5th Energy Level
Chromium
8,843.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium
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5.5.6 6th Energy Level
Chromium
10,679.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium
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5.5.7 7th Energy level
Chromium
13,310.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium
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5.5.8 8th Energy Level
Chromium
15,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium
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5.5.9 9th Energy Level
Chromium
17,370.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
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5.5.10 10th Energy Level
Chromium
21,726.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium
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5.5.11 11th Energy Level
Magnesium
24,102.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
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5.5.12 12th Energy Level
Magnesium
66,320.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.13 13th Energy Level
Titanium
73,010.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.14 14th Energy Level
Vanadium
80,160.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.15 15th Energy Level
Chromium
89,490.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese
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5.5.16 16th Energy Level
Manganese
97,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron
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5.5.17 17th Energy Level
Iron
105,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt
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5.5.18 18th Energy Level
Cobalt
117,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel
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5.5.19 19th Energy Level
Nickel
124,270.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper
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5.5.20 20th Energy Level
Zinc
Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.21 21st Energy Level
Zinc
Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
Copper
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
Copper
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.24 24th Energy Level
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.25 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium
0.56 g/amp-hr
Rank: 67 (Overall)
2.10 g/amp-hr
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Beryllium
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5.7 Electron Work Function
Platinum
3.50 eV
Rank: 31 (Overall)
4.22 eV
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine
21
Rank: 85 (Overall)
48
Rank: 64 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine
21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
48
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium
24
Rank: 63 (Overall)
64
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.4.3 Number of Electrons
Tennessine
21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
48
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium
162.00 pm
Rank: 26 (Overall)
151.00 pm
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.5.2 Covalent Radius
Francium
170.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
144.00 pm
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
Francium
211.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
158.00 pm
Rank: 41 (Overall)
Zinc
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6.6 Atomic Weight
Tennessine
44.96 amu
Rank: 79 (Overall)
112.41 amu
Rank: 58 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.7 Atomic Volume
Cesium
15.00 cm3/mol
Rank: 34 (Overall)
13.10 cm3/mol
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Manganese
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6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum
58.00 (-eV)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
30.00 (-eV)
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Francium
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6.10 Lattice Constant
Manganese
330.90 pm
Rank: 49 (Overall)
297.94 pm
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium
1.59
Rank: 7 (Overall)
1.89
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Beryllium
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7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium
2.99 g/cm3
Rank: 73 (Overall)
8.65 g/cm3
Rank: 47 (Overall)
Lithium
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7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium
2.80 g/cm3
Rank: 51 (Overall)
8.00 g/cm3
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium
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7.2 Tensile Strength
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
62.00 MPa
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Indium
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7.3 Viscosity
Mercury
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium
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7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium
91.30 (Pa)
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten
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7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium
29.10 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
19.00 GPa
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Potassium
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7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
Osmium
56.60 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
42.00 GPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Cesium
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7.5.3 Young's Modulus
Iridium
74.40 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
50.00 GPa
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Cesium
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7.6 Poisson Ratio
Gallium
0.28
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0.30
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Beryllium
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7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt
2.99
Rank: 61 (Overall)
8.65
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Lithium
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8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
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8.1.4 Susceptibility
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
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8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
Mercury
562.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 10 (Overall)
72.70 nΩ·m
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Thallium
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8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
Silver
0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 46 (Overall)
0.14 106/cm Ω
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Plutonium
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8.2.4 Electron Affinity
Gold
18.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Mercury
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9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
Lithium
0.60 J/(kg K)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
0.23 J/(kg K)
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Americium
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9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium
25.52 J/mol·K
Rank: 37 (Overall)
26.02 J/mol·K
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium
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9.3 Thermal Conductivity
Silver
15.80 W/m·K
Rank: 53 (Overall)
96.60 W/m·K
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Neptunium
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9.4 Critical Temperature
Lithium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
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9.5 Thermal Expansion
Cesium
10.20 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
30.80 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Tungsten
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9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten
314.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Zinc
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9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten
14.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
6.19 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
Cesium
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9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten
343.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
113.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 56 (Overall)
Mercury
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9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium
34.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
51.80 J/mol.K
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Beryllium
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