1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74402027440439
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0000006 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C320.90 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C765.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm144.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm158.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm297.94 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa42.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa50.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1