Symbol
Sc
Po
Group Number
316
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74402027440086
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
194.00221.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In 1879
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %-
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %-
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C254.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C962.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.502.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s2,260.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.802.70
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
93.00 %50.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
α-polonium
β Allotropes
-
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Sc
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1329
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.362.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.022.00
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.201.76
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.362.48
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.192.19
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.642.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol1,833.20 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol8,121.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV4.50 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2184
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2184
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
24125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2184
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm168.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm140.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm197.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)9.30 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm335.90 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.591.46
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa24.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa46.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.280.23
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.999.32
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K527.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K41.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻