Symbol
Tb
Ru
Group Number
38
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
65
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74402797440188
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
- Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1842
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
-
Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,356.00 °C2,250.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,123.00 °C3,900.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.506.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
677.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
863.00 MPa1,160.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,620.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.602.60
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
35.00 %6.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Tb
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2626
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.202.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.202.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.101.42
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.202.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.201.54
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.201.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,658.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,658.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,420.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol4,700.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol5,600.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol7,197.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol7,190.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
56,500.00 kJ/mol71,000.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
56,500.00 kJ/mol71,000.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,658.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
565.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
565.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
565.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
565.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
565.80 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
565.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.98 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.00 eV4.71 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
6544
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
6544
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
9457
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
6544
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
177.00 pm134.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
194.00 pm146.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
158.93 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.20 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
46.80 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
360.10 pm270.59 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.58
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.23 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.65 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
60.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
22.10 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
38.70 GPa220.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
55.70 GPa447.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.260.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.2312.45
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.15 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
28.91 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
11.10 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,629.00 K2,607.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
10.30 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
330.90 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.80 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻