Thallium Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Tl
Group Number
13
5
13
5
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1861
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
81
35
Number of Neutrons
123
20
123
20
Number of Electrons
81
35
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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